P95 Query Time

P95 Query Time

The 95th percentile database query duration — 95% of queries complete faster than this. Weighted by execution frequency across all queries. Slow queries are often caused by missing indexes or N+1 patterns.

33 ms

1.1%

Compared to previous 7 days

Execution Rate

Query Execution Rate

Total database queries executed over the last 14 days, expressed as an average rate. Spikes may indicate N+1 queries or inefficient data access patterns.

2.68 / hour

12.3%

Compared to previous 7 days

Query Responses

Query Responses

This panel shows all executions of this query, including performance metrics, duration distribution, and query execution details.

Click marker to copy SHA
Time Period ▼ Executions Avg Duration Min Duration Max Duration
Sep 23, 2026 12 16.17 ms 2.0 ms 35.0 ms
Sep 22, 2026 65 19.94 ms 1.0 ms 35.0 ms
Sep 21, 2026 56 17.29 ms 1.0 ms 35.0 ms
Sep 20, 2026 56 17.8 ms 2.0 ms 35.0 ms
Sep 19, 2026 62 16.81 ms 1.0 ms 34.0 ms
Sep 18, 2026 55 18.11 ms 1.0 ms 34.0 ms
Sep 17, 2026 54 16.31 ms 1.0 ms 35.0 ms
Sep 16, 2026 61 17.44 ms 1.0 ms 35.0 ms
Sep 15, 2026 70 17.83 ms 1.0 ms 35.0 ms
Sep 14, 2026 71 19.87 ms 1.0 ms 43.0 ms
Total of 15 record(s).
Page 1 of 2

Normalized Query 

SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT ?

Diagnostics

Query Diagnostics

Automatically generated analysis for this query. Includes N+1 detection (from live request data), query characteristics, detected issues, optimization suggestions, and a database EXPLAIN plan. Click Re-analyze to regenerate.

Query Characteristics
Query Type
SELECT
Tables
1
Joins
0
Complexity Score
3
Has LIMIT
Yes
Has ORDER BY
Yes
Has GROUP BY
No
Has Subqueries
No
Issues Detected
  • Using SELECT * may retrieve unnecessary columns
Optimization Suggestions
  • Use includes() or preload() to load associated records — Eliminate N+1 queries and reduce database load
  • Use includes() to eager load associations — Eliminate N+1 queries and reduce database load
  • Use joins() when you only need to filter, not access associated data — Eliminate N+1 queries and reduce database load
  • Use preload() when you don't need to query on associations — Eliminate N+1 queries and reduce database load
  • Add composite index: add_index :posts, ["user_id", "created_at"] — Single index for filtering and sorting
    add_index :posts, ["user_id", "created_at"]
  • Add single_column index: add_index :posts, :user_id — Fast lookups for user_id = value queries
    add_index :posts, :user_id
Execution Plan
7 | 0 | 61 | SEARCH posts USING INDEX index_posts_on_user_id (user_id=?)
29 | 0 | 0 | USE TEMP B-TREE FOR ORDER BY

Query Locations

Query Locations

Shows where in your codebase this query originates, based on the last 30 days of executions. P95 duration and row count highlight the worst-case performance at each call site.

Location P95 Duration (ms) P95 Row Count Count
app/models/user.rb:23 33.0 — 495
app/jobs/report_generator_job.rb:85 18.0 — 1
app/jobs/report_generator_job.rb:88 30.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:104 14.0 — 1
app/jobs/analytics_job.rb:120 22.0 — 1
app/jobs/image_processing_job.rb:73 25.0 — 1

Raw Data 

{
  "query": {
    "id": 48,
    "normalized_sql": "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT ?",
    "analyzed_at": "2026-09-23 05:02:24 UTC"
  },
  "performance": {
    "total_executions": 500,
    "p95_duration_ms": "33.0",
    "avg_duration_ms": 17.788,
    "p95_row_count": null,
    "avg_row_count": null
  },
  "characteristics": {
    "query_type": "SELECT",
    "table_count": 1,
    "join_count": 0,
    "where_clause_complexity": 1,
    "has_subqueries": false,
    "has_limit": true,
    "has_order_by": true,
    "has_group_by": false,
    "has_having": false,
    "has_distinct": false,
    "has_aggregations": false,
    "estimated_complexity": 3
  },
  "call_locations": [
    {
      "location": "app/models/user.rb:23",
      "count": 495,
      "p95_duration_ms": "33.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/report_generator_job.rb:85",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "18.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/report_generator_job.rb:88",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "30.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:104",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "14.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/analytics_job.rb:120",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "22.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/image_processing_job.rb:73",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "25.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    }
  ],
  "n_plus_one": {
    "detected": false
  },
  "index_recommendations": [
    "add_index :posts, :user_id",
    "add_index :posts, [\"user_id\", \"created_at\"]",
    "add_index :posts, :created_at"
  ],
  "issues": [
    "Using SELECT * may retrieve unnecessary columns"
  ],
  "explain_plan": "7 | 0 | 61 | SEARCH posts USING INDEX index_posts_on_user_id (user_id=?)\n29 | 0 | 0 | USE TEMP B-TREE FOR ORDER BY"
}