P95 Query Time

P95 Query Time

The 95th percentile database query duration — 95% of queries complete faster than this. Weighted by execution frequency across all queries. Slow queries are often caused by missing indexes or N+1 patterns.

34 ms

12.5%

Compared to previous 7 days

Execution Rate

Query Execution Rate

Total database queries executed over the last 14 days, expressed as an average rate. Spikes may indicate N+1 queries or inefficient data access patterns.

14.0 / day

25.0%

Compared to previous 7 days

Query Responses

Query Responses

This panel shows all executions of this query, including performance metrics, duration distribution, and query execution details.

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Time Period Executions Avg Duration Min Duration ▲ Max Duration
Sep 9, 2026 13 14.46 ms 1.0 ms 44.0 ms
Sep 13, 2026 22 22.27 ms 1.0 ms 49.0 ms
Sep 14, 2026 14 17.57 ms 1.0 ms 32.0 ms
Sep 15, 2026 21 19.9 ms 1.0 ms 45.0 ms
Sep 18, 2026 11 20.55 ms 1.0 ms 34.0 ms
Sep 20, 2026 18 16.28 ms 1.0 ms 35.0 ms
Sep 22, 2026 7 17.0 ms 1.0 ms 27.0 ms
Sep 10, 2026 16 15.69 ms 2.0 ms 34.0 ms
Sep 12, 2026 16 22.31 ms 3.0 ms 44.0 ms
Sep 21, 2026 10 18.8 ms 4.0 ms 30.0 ms
Total of 14 record(s).
Page 1 of 2

Normalized Query 

SELECT posts.title, posts.content, users.name FROM posts JOIN users ON posts.user_id = users.id WHERE posts.published = ?

Diagnostics

Query Diagnostics

Automatically generated analysis for this query. Includes N+1 detection (from live request data), query characteristics, detected issues, optimization suggestions, and a database EXPLAIN plan. Click Re-analyze to regenerate.

Query Characteristics
Query Type
SELECT
Tables
2
Joins
1
Complexity Score
8
Has LIMIT
No
Has ORDER BY
No
Has GROUP BY
No
Has Subqueries
No
Optimization Suggestions
  • Add single_column index: add_index :posts, :published — Fast lookups for published = value queries
    add_index :posts, :published
  • Add single_column index: add_index :posts, :user_id — Fast JOIN execution
    add_index :posts, :user_id
Execution Plan
3 | 0 | 216 | SCAN posts
7 | 0 | 45 | SEARCH users USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY (rowid=?)

Query Locations

Query Locations

Shows where in your codebase this query originates, based on the last 30 days of executions. P95 duration and row count highlight the worst-case performance at each call site.

Location P95 Duration (ms) P95 Row Count Count
app/models/application_record.rb:12 34.0 — 172
app/mailers/user_mailer.rb:120 24.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:10 35.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:43 45.0 — 1
app/jobs/import_job.rb:65 23.0 — 1
app/jobs/data_export_job.rb:69 16.0 — 1
app/jobs/webhook_delivery_job.rb:88 2.0 — 1
app/jobs/webhook_delivery_job.rb:67 13.0 — 1
app/mailers/user_mailer.rb:59 25.0 — 1
app/jobs/notification_job.rb:76 32.0 — 1
app/jobs/notification_job.rb:39 49.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:100 43.0 — 1
app/jobs/image_processing_job.rb:54 30.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:50 30.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:71 44.0 — 1
app/jobs/data_export_job.rb:107 24.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:36 10.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:87 32.0 — 1
app/jobs/image_processing_job.rb:77 35.0 — 1
app/jobs/image_processing_job.rb:43 6.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:105 30.0 — 1
app/jobs/report_generator_job.rb:103 44.0 — 1
app/mailers/user_mailer.rb:80 32.0 — 1
app/jobs/notification_job.rb:72 22.0 — 1
app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:90 2.0 — 1

Raw Data 

{
  "query": {
    "id": 72,
    "normalized_sql": "SELECT posts.title, posts.content, users.name FROM posts JOIN users ON posts.user_id = users.id WHERE posts.published = ?",
    "analyzed_at": "2026-09-23 06:02:25 UTC"
  },
  "performance": {
    "total_executions": 196,
    "p95_duration_ms": "35.0",
    "avg_duration_ms": 19.3418,
    "p95_row_count": null,
    "avg_row_count": null
  },
  "characteristics": {
    "query_type": "SELECT",
    "table_count": 2,
    "join_count": 1,
    "where_clause_complexity": 1,
    "has_subqueries": false,
    "has_limit": false,
    "has_order_by": false,
    "has_group_by": false,
    "has_having": false,
    "has_distinct": false,
    "has_aggregations": false,
    "estimated_complexity": 8
  },
  "call_locations": [
    {
      "location": "app/models/application_record.rb:12",
      "count": 172,
      "p95_duration_ms": "34.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/mailers/user_mailer.rb:120",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "24.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:10",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "35.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:43",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "45.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/import_job.rb:65",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "23.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/data_export_job.rb:69",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "16.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/webhook_delivery_job.rb:88",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "2.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/webhook_delivery_job.rb:67",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "13.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/mailers/user_mailer.rb:59",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "25.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/notification_job.rb:76",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "32.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/notification_job.rb:39",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "49.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:100",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "43.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/image_processing_job.rb:54",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "30.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:50",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "30.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:71",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "44.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/data_export_job.rb:107",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "24.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:36",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "10.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:87",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "32.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/image_processing_job.rb:77",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "35.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/image_processing_job.rb:43",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "6.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:105",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "30.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/report_generator_job.rb:103",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "44.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/mailers/user_mailer.rb:80",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "32.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/notification_job.rb:72",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "22.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    },
    {
      "location": "app/jobs/cache_warming_job.rb:90",
      "count": 1,
      "p95_duration_ms": "2.0",
      "p95_row_count": null
    }
  ],
  "n_plus_one": {
    "detected": false
  },
  "index_recommendations": [
    "add_index :posts, :published",
    "add_index :posts, :user_id",
    "add_index :posts, [\"published\", \"posts.title\", \"posts.content\", \"users.name\"], name: 'covering_idx_posts_published'"
  ],
  "issues": [],
  "explain_plan": "3 | 0 | 216 | SCAN posts\n7 | 0 | 45 | SEARCH users USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY (rowid=?)"
}